Orally administrable solid ribavirin dosage forms and process for making them

ABSTRACT

An orally administrable solid dosage form containing a compacted ribavirin composition having an advantageously high tap density of at least 0.6 g/mL as well as surprisingly rapid disintegration and dissolution rates and wherein the ribavirin is substantially free of polymorphic forms of ribavirin and a process for making such solid dosage forms are disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is the U.S. National Phase Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/US98/26222, filed on Dec. 21, 1998 and is a continuation-in-part of application U.S. Ser. No. 08/997,172, filed Dec. 22, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,128 and a continuation-in-part of application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/997,169, filed Dec. 22, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,594 and a continuation-in-part of application U.S. Ser. No. 09/307,008, filed May 7, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,252.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an orally administrable solid dosage form comprising a compacted ribavirin composition and process for making such solid dosage forms. The compacted ribavirin composition of this invention has an advantageously high tap density as well as surprisingly fast disintegration and dissolution rates and contains a freely flowing ribavirin of uniform physical characteristics which is substantially free of other polymorphic forms.

Ribavirin is an antiviral agent which is currently being administered in association with interferon alpha-2b to treat patients with chronic hepatitis C infections.

Ribavirin 200 mg capsules are manufactured and marketed by ICN Pharmaceuticals in Canada under the trade name Virazole™ capsules. The ribavirin used to make the ribavirin composition in the Virazole capsules is a non-freely flowing powder with low and variable tap densities in the range of 0.320 to 0.449 g/mL. A ribavirin composition with a tap density of at least 0.6 g/mL is needed for the uniform filling of the 200 mg capsules. It would be desirable for the ribavirin composition to have a uniformly high tap density of at least 0.6 g/mL to fill any capsule and to avoid excessive weight variation and excessive packing in the capsule shell during the capsule filling operation especially in the high speed capsule filling equipment which operate at a fill rate of over 20,000 capsules per hour.

Dry compacting of the ribavirin formulation would be an attractive solution to this problem so long as the heat produced during the compaction operation does not cause the formation of ribavirin polymorphic forms, which forms are unacceptable for obtaining health registration.

The Virazole capsules exhibited inconsistency in meeting the dissolution specifications which requires that 80% of the ribavirin be dissolved in water in 30 minutes. The disintegration times of the Virazole composition were typically around 20 minutes.

There is a need for a ribavirin composition with a tap density of at least 0.6 g/mL and having improved dissolution rates and reduced disintegration times. There is also a need to compact the ribavirin composition to achieve such high tap densities while maintaining the ribavirin in the physical state substantially free of polymorphic forms.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides an orally administrable solid dosage form comprising a rapidly dissolving compacted ribavirin composition comprising ribavirin and a pharmaceutically acceptable disintegrant wherein said composition after dry compaction has a tap density of at least about 0.6 g/mL and wherein more than 80% by weight of the ribavirin dissolves in water in about 30 minutes.

The invention also provides a rapidly dissolving compacted ribavirin composition comprising:

(a) an antivirally effective amount of ribavirin;

(b) an effective amount of at least one filler selected from the group consisting of lactose anhydrous, lactose monohydrate, sucrose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starches, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate,calcium sulfate dihydrate and calcium sulfate trihydrate;

(c) an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable disintegrant selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, corn starch, pregelatinized starches, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, magnesium aluminium silicate, bentonite, alginic acid and alginates; and;

(d) an effective amount of a lubricant selected from the group consisting of magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, talc, propylene glycol, PEG 4000, PEG 5000, PEG 6000, and stearic acid;

and, wherein the tap density of the compacted composition is at least about 0.6 g/mL.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention further provides is a rapidly issolving compacted ribavirin composition comprising of:

Ingredient mg Ribavirin USP 150.0 to 250.0 Lactose Monohydrate NF 30.0 to 50.0 Microcrystalline Cellulose NF 37.5 to 62.5 Croscarmellose Sodium NF 4.5 to 7.5 Magnesium Stearate NF 2.25 to 5.0 

and wherein the tap density of the compacted composition is at least about 0.6 g/mL.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a rapidly dissolving compacted ribavirin composition comprising:

Ingredient mg Ribavirin USP 200.0 Lactose Monohydrate NF 40.0 Microcrystalline Cellulose NF 50.0 Croscarmellose Sodium NF 6.0 Magnesium Stearate NF 4.0

wherein the tap density of the compacted composition is at least about 0.6 g/mL; and

wherein the ribavirin is substantially free of polymorphic forms of ribavirin.

In another aspect, this invention provides a method of producing a rapidly dissolving compacted ribavirin composition which comprises the steps of:

(a) admixing an antivirally effective amount of ribavirin, an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable disintegrant, and an effective amount of at least one filler for a time sufficient to form a homogeneous mixture;

b) compacting the homogeneous mixture of Step (a) at a compressing force in the range of about 50 to about 75 kN for a time sufficient to produce an acceptable compact wherein the ribavirin is substantially free of polymorphic forms; and

c) admixing the acceptable compact of Step (b) with an effective amount of a lubricant for a time sufficient to produce a rapidly dissolving compacted ribavirin composition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

We have surprisingly discovered that we can consistently manufacture a uniform ribavirin composition which consistently meets and exceeds the dissolution specifications which requires that 80% of the ribavirin be dissolved in water in 30 minutes; about 90% of the ribavirin in the compacted ribavirin compositions of this invention is consistently dissolved in water in 15 minutes and about 100% of the ribavirin from the compositions of this invention is dissolved in 30 minutes. The disintegration time of the ribavirin compositions of this invention was reduced to less than 10 minutes compared to the Virazole capsule composition which disintegrated in 20 minutes (see Table 1).

The ribavirin composition of this invention was blended and passed through a roller compactor at a compressing force in the range of about 50 to 75 kiloNewtons (“kN”) for a time sufficient to produce an acceptable compact. An “acceptable compact” as used herein means a compact that is in the form of a ribbon which is homogeneous, and almost completely free, i.e., more than 95% free, of lamination and flaking, and substantially free of polymorphic forms of ribavirin. A compressing force in the range of 50 to about 75 kN consistently produced an acceptable compact. Typically suitable screw speeds and (on the Fitzpatrick roller/compactor) roller speeds include (1) a screw speed of 40 revolutions per minute (“PRPM”) with a roller-speed of 10 RPM; (2) a screw speed of 30 RPM with a roller speed of 7 RPM; and (3) a screw speed of 22 RPM with a roller speed of 5 RPM. No definitive range of screw speeds and roller speeds was able to be deduced from these results. However we have discovered that an acceptable compact is consistently obtainable by maintaining the compressing force in the range of about 50 to about 75 kN. The compacted material is milled, combined with a lubricant and the resulting tap density of the resulting ribavirin composition is at least 0.6 g/mL and preferably it is significantly higher, e.g., in the range of about 0.75 to about 0.85 g/mL. The compacted ribavirin compositions of this invention surprisingly have substantially uniform physical and chemical characteristics and the ribavirin in the compacted ribavirin composition is substantially free of polymorphic forms of ribavirin, i.e., there are no signs of polymorphic change in the compacted ribavirin as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. This result is particularly surprising in view of the large amount of heat generated during the compaction step which could normally produce polymorphic forms.

The rapidly dissolving ribavirin compositions of this invention are stable and have been subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles without any adverse impact upon the physical appearance, tap density, dissolution and disintegration rates.

Typically suitable disintegrants include pharmaceutically acceptable disintegrants which are chemically and physically compatible with ribavirin; preferably those disintegrants are selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, corn starch, pregelatinized starches, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, magnesium aluminium silicate, bentonite, alginic acid and alginates.

The effective amount of a disintegrant found useful in the ribavirin compositions of this invention is in the range of about 1.0 to about 3.0 weight percent, preferably about 1.5 to about 2.5 weight percent, and most preferably about 2.0 weight percent of the ribavirin compositions of this invention. The preferred disintegrants are croscarmellose sodium and polyvinyl pyrrolidine or mixtures thereof. The most preferred disintegrant is croscarmellose sodium.

Typically suitable lubricants include any pharmaceutically acceptable solid or liquid lubricants which are used to enhance the flow and prevent sticking of the ribavirin composition after compaction and which are chemically and physically compatible with ribavirin.

Typically suitable lubricants include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, talc, propylene glycol, PEG 4000, PEG 5000, PEG 6000, and stearic acid.

The effective amount of a lubricant found useful in the ribavirin compositions of this invention is in the range of about 0.75 to about 2.0 weight percent, preferably about 1.0 to about 1.7 weight percent, and most preferably about 1.3 weight percent of the ribavirin compositions of this invention. The preferred lubricant is magnesium stearate.

Typically suitable fillers include any such pharmaceutically acceptable filler which gives the powder ribavirin composition bulk and which is physically and chemically compatible with ribavirin; preferably those fillers are selected from the group consisting of lactose anhydrous, lactose monohydrate, sucrose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starches, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium sulfate trihydrate and calcium sulfate dihydrate.

Typically two fillers are used in the ribavirin compositions of this invention. The effective amount of the fillers found useful in the ribavirin compositions of this invention is in the range of about 20 to about 40 weight percent, preferably about 25 to about 35 weight percent, and most preferably about 30 weight percent of the ribavirin compositions of this invention. One of the preferred fillers is lactose monohydrate which is typically present in the range of about 10 to about 15 weight percent, more preferably about 13 to about 14 weight percent of the ribavirin compositions of this invention. The other preferred filler is microcrystalline cellulose which is typically present in the range of about 10 to about 20 weight percent, more preferably about 12 to about 18 weight percent, and most preferably about 16 to about 17 weight percent of the ribavirin compositions of this invention.

The term “tap density” as used herein means the measured mass of a powder attained at a limiting volume measured in a cylinder after being “tapped down”, typically by a mechanical device; typically tap density is recorded as mass in grams divided by volume in milliliters (“mL”). The tap density is measured in accordance with the procedure described in USP 23, NF 18, Supplement 6,(1997), procedure <616> at page 3768. The tap density of the orally administrable ribavirin composition of this invention is at least 0.6 g/mL which is advantageous when a capsule containing 200 mg of ribavirin in the 300 mg preferred composition of this invention is used.

Typically the tap densities of the orally administrable ribavirin is in the range of about 0.75 g/mL to about 0.85 g/mL.

While the rapidly dissolving ribavirin compositions of this invention are described for 200 mg ribavirin strengths as capsules or tablets, other strengths e.g., 300 or 400 mg of ribavirin, may be used without deviating from this invention.

Ribavirin (1600-1200 mg in single or divided daily doses such as 600 mg QD or 600 mg BID or 400 mg TID) is being used in clinical trials in combination with subcutaneous injections of interferon alfa-2b (3 million international units, three times a week (TIW)) to treat chronic hepatitis C patients. Thus, the term antivirally effective amount of ribavirin as used herein means dosages of ribavirin, e.g.,200 mg, 300 mg or 400 mg as tablets or capsules, which would provide the 600-1200 mg/day, preferably 800-1200 mg/day or 1000-1200 mg/day of ribavirin used to treat chronic hepatitis C patients in combination with the interferon alfa-2b. The ribavirin compositions of this invention may be filled into capsules or compressed into tablets.

Manufacturing Procedure General Manufacturing Procedure

(1) Charge the ribavirin, one or more fillers and disintegrant into a suitable double cone blender.

(2) Blend the charge from step (1) for a time sufficient to form uniform blend.

(3) Optionally pass the blend of step (2)—if the such blend should contain lumps—through a suitable commutator mill set at medium speed to provide a lump-free blend.

(4) Pass the milled uniform blend from step 2 or 3 through a suitable roller/compactor equipped with an oscillator for screening and operated at a compressing force of about 50 to about 70 kN for a time sufficient to produce an acceptable compact;

(5) Combine the compacted screened blend from step (4) and charge said blend to the blender used in step (1).

(6) Charge the lubricant to the blend from step (5) and blend the mixture for a time sufficient to produce a uniform mixture;

(7) Fill the uniform mixture from step (6) into capsules.

A large scale batch of the capsule formulation was prepared using the formulations of Example 1 or 2.

Procedure

1. Charge the ribavirin, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, and croscarmellose sodium into a suitable double cone blender of appropriate volume.

2. Blend the charge in step (1) for 10 to 15 minutes, preferably about 15 minutes. Discharge the so-formed mixture into plastic lined containers.^(a)

3. Optionally pass the blended mixture in step (2) through a suitable commutator mill set at medium speed, impact hammers forward fitted with a No. 6 mesh screen. (This step is optional and may be eliminated if the blended mixture from step (2) is lump-free.)

4. Pass the milled blend in step 2 or 3 through a suitable roller/compactor such as a Bepex or Fitzpatrick roller compactor machine equipped with an oscillator for screening. Operate the roller compactor at a compressing force of about 50 to about 75 kN for a time sufficient to produce an acceptable compact. (An acceptable compact is normally produced with a single pass of the milled blend from step (3) through the compactor. The compacted material is thereafter directly fed into the oscillating mill equipped with a 16 mesh screen.)

5. Combine the compacted, screened blendin step 4 and charge the blend to the blender used in Step 1. Blend for 10 minutes. Remove samples of the blend for tap density and sieve analysis testing.

6. Charge the magnesium stearate to the blend in step 5 and blend for about 3 minutes or a time sufficient to produce a uniform mixture.

7. Fill the uniform mixture in Step 6 into No. 1 white opaque, two-piece hard gelatin capsules using an appropriate high speed capsule filling equipment, e.g., a Zanasi AZ40 or H&K 1500.

8. Polish and dedust the filled capsules using a rotating brush capsule polishing machine, e.g., Key Turbo-Kieen CP-300 equipped with an empty capsule eliminator.

Footnote

a. Analyze the blended mixture from step (2) for blend uniformity. Based on this analysis, it was then determined that a blending time of 10 to 15 minutes was sufficient to produce an acceptable blend uniformity.

Ribavirin is mutagenic and teratogenic and appropriate precautions must be taken to ensure the safety of the manufacturing personnel.

The following examples illustrate, but do not limit, the present invention:

EXAMPLE 1

The above-described manufacturing procedure may be used to blend, compact, and mill the following compositions:

Ingredient mg Ribavirin USP 150.0 to 250.0 Lactose Monohydrate NF 30.0 to 50.0 Microcrystalline Cellulose NF 37.5 to 62.5 Croscarmellose Sodium NF 4.5 to 7.5 Magnesium Stearate NF 2.25 to 5.0 

The above compositions have tap densities of at least 0.6 g/mL.

EXAMPLE 2

The procedure of Example 1 was followed to prepare the following composition:

Ingredient mg Ribavirin USP 200.0 Lactose Monohydrate NF¹ 40.0 Microcrystalline Cellulose NF 50.0 Croscarmellose Sodium NF 6.0 Magnesium Stearate NF 4.0 Total 300

The tap density was 0.77 g/mL.

(1) Preferably the lactose monohydrate NF is spray dried.

The composition was filled into capsules and the following dissolution results were recorded:

Time Weight %, Ribavirin Wgt % Ribavirin Dissolved (minutes) Dissolved (average)(Range) 15  99 (93-103) 30 101 (98-103) 45 101 (98-104) 60 102 (99-104)

12 capsules of the formulation of Example 2 were tested using a USP basket at 100 RPM in 900 mL of distilled water operated in accordance with the procedure described in USP 23, NF-18, procedure <711>.

The formulation of Example 2 exhibited no signs of polymorphic changes in the ribavirin as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. USP 23, NF-18 Supplement 6, procedure <891>, 1997.

The disintegration time for the formulation of Example 2 was measured as described in Table 1; the capsules disintegrated in 7-9 minutes.

The effect of freeze-thaw cycling was determined for the formulation of Example 2 in capsules. The capsules were subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles. The first two freeze and thaw cycles lasted 24 hours. The last freeze-thaw cycle was 72 hours followed by 24 hours at ambient—i.e. room temperatures.

Physical observation, disintegration, and dissolution studies were performed. No significant change in physical appearance the disintegration time or dissolution rates were observed compared to the initial test results.

Weight % Ribavirin Weight % Ribavirin Time Dissolved Dissolved (minutes) Avg. for a capsule Range 15 93 (84-100) 30 96 (89-100) 45 96 (86-101) 60 96 (86-101)

Essentially no changes were observed in the tap density, dissolution or disintegration rates of the ribavirin composition of Example 2.

EXAMPLE 3

The following composition represents the composition of a typical Virazole 200 mg capsule (uncompacted):

Ingredient mg Ribavirin USP 200.0 Lactose Monohydrate NF Spray Dried 46.0 Microcrystalline Cellulose NF 50.0 Magnesium Stearate NF 4.0 Capsule Fill Weight 300.0 Capsule Size No. 1 Capsule Type White Opaque

TABLE 1 Comparative dissolution and disintegration results for the rapidly dissolving ribavirin composition of Examples 2 and 3: A. Dissolution Weight % Ribavirin Dissolved Compacted Virazole Time Ribavirin¹ Composition² 15 91 84 30 98 96 45 99 60 99 B. Disintegration³ Disintegration Product Time (minutes) Compacted ribavirin 6-8 composition of Example 2 of this invention Virazole composition ˜20 of Example 3 ¹12 capsules of Example 2 were tested man USP basket at 100 RPM in 900 mL of distilled water operated in accordance with the procedure described in USP 23, NF 18, procedure <711>, 1995. ²The uncompacted Virazole composition of Example 3 was used. ³6 capsules were tested in an USP apparatus operated in accordance with the procedure described in USP 23 NF 18 procedure <701>, 1995. Other modification may be made in this invention without deviating from the scope of the present inventor. For example, the formulations of Examples 1 or 2 may be modified by substituting a portion of the croscarmellose sodium with polyvinylpyrrolidone and the so-formed composition may be compressed into tablets. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An orally administrable solid dosage form comprising a compacted ribavirin composition comprising ribavirin and a pharmaceutically acceptable disintegrant wherein more than about 80% by weight of the ribavirin dissolves in water in about 30 minutes.
 2. An orally administrable solid dosage form comprising a compacted ribavirin composition comprising: (a) an antivirally effective amount of ribavirin; (b) an effective amount of at least one filler selected from the group consisting of lactose anhydrous, lactose monohydrate, sucrose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starches, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium sulfate dihydrate and calcium sulfate trihydrate; (c) an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable disintegrant selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, corn starch, pregelatinized starch, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, magnesium aluminium silicate, bentonite, alginic acid and alginates; and (d) an effective amount of a lubricant selected from the group consisting of magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, talc, propylene glycol, PEG 4000, PEG 5000, PEG 6000, and stearic acid; wherein more than about 80% by weight of the ribavirin dissolves in water in about 30 minutes.
 3. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claim 1 or 2, wherein the composition comprises about 200 mg to about 400 mg of ribavirin.
 4. An orally administrable solid dosage form comprising a compacted ribavirin composition comprising: Ingredient mg Ribavirin USP  about 50 to about 250 Lactose Monohydrate NF about 30 to about 50 Microcrystalline Cellulose NF about 37.5 to about 62.5 Croscarmellose Sodium NF about 4.5 to about 7.5 Magnesium Stearate NF about 2.25 to about 5  

and wherein more than about 80% by weight of the ribavirin dissolves in water in about 30 minutes.
 5. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claim 1 or 2 wherein the disintegrant is croscarmellose sodium or polyvinylpyrrolidone or mixtures thereof.
 6. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claims 1, 2 or 4 wherein the ribavirin is substantially free of polymorphic forms of ribavirin.
 7. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claims 1, 2 or 4 wherein the tap density of the composition is at least about 0.6 g/mL.
 8. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claims 1, 2 or 4 wherein the disintegration time of the dosage form is less than about 10 minutes.
 9. The orally administrable solid dosage form of claim 4 wherein the tap density of the composition is in the range of about 0.75 g/mL to about 0.85 g/mL.
 10. The orally administrable solid dosage form of claims 1, 2 or 4 wherein the dosage form is in the form of a tablet.
 11. An orally administrable solid dosage form comprising a compacted ribavirin composition comprising: Ingredient mg Ribavirin USP about 200 Lactose Monohydrate NF about 40  Microcrystalline Cellulose NF about 50  Croscarmellose Sodium NF about 6  Magnesium Stearate NF about 4 

wherein more than about 80% by weight of the ribavirin dissolves in water in about 30 minutes.
 12. The orally administrable solid dosage form of claim 11, wherein more than about 90% by weight of the ribavirin dissolves in water in about 15 minutes.
 13. The orally administrable solid dosage form of claim 11, wherein the tap density of the composition is in the range of about 0.75 g/mL to about 0.85 g/mL.
 14. The orally administrable solid dosage form of claim 11, wherein the tap density of the composition is at least about 0.6 g/mL.
 15. The orally administrable solid dosage form of claim 11, wherein the ribavirin is substantially free of polymorphic forms of ribavirin.
 16. The orally administrable solid dosage form of claim 11 wherein the disintegration time of the dosage form is less than about 10 minutes.
 17. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in any of claims 11, 12, 15 or 16 wherein the dosage form is in the form of a tablet.
 18. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claims 1, 2 or 4, wherein more than about 90% by weight of the ribavirin dissolves in water in about 15 minutes.
 19. An orally administrable solid dosage form comprising a compacted composition comprising ribavirin and a pharmaceutically acceptable disintegrant, wherein disintegration time of the dosage form is less than about 10 minutes, and wherein more than about 80% by weight of the ribavirin dissolves in water in about 30 minutes.
 20. The orally administrable dosage form as in claim 3, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a tablet.
 21. The orally administrable dosage form as in claim 5, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a tablet.
 22. The orally administrable dosage form as in claim 6, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a tablet.
 23. The orally administrable dosage form as in claim 8, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a tablet.
 24. The orally administrable dosage form as in claim 18, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a tablet.
 25. The orally administrable dosage form as in claim 19, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a tablet.
 26. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in any of claims 1, 2, 4, 11 or 13-23, wherein the dosage form is a capsule.
 27. The orally administrable dosage form as in any of claims 1, 4 or 19, which further comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone.
 28. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claim 3, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a capsule.
 29. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claim 5, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a capsule.
 30. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claim 6, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a capsule.
 31. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claim 7, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a capsule.
 32. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claim 8, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a capsule.
 33. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claim 9, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a capsule.
 34. The orally administrable solid dosage form as in claim 18, wherein the dosage form is in the form of a capsule. 